Objective
Mouth-to-mouth ventilation has an emotional barrier on the bystander. This study analyzed whether handkerchiefs carried by many people can be ventilated as an alternative way to face shield (FS)

Methods
The inflow ventilation volume (ml) was measured using a manikin with three different fabric handkerchiefs (plain weave, twill weave, satin weave) and FS. Furthermore, the plain weave was compared with FS in the number of four types of yarn (210, 240, 250, 260). The differences in mean ventilation volume were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's multiple tests.

Results
There was no difference between the mean ventilation of FS (286.4 ± 16.0 ml) and plain weave, twill weave handkerchiefs. However, the mean ventilation volume of satin weave (300.9 ± 3.8 ml) was significantly higher (p <0.05) compared to FS. Moreover, although there was no difference between FS and 260 doughs, the average ventilation volume was significantly higher in all of 210 (321.0 ± 16.7 ml), 240(311.9 ± 13.9 ml) and 250 (311.2 ± 10.4 ml) (p <0.05)
Conclusion
In the handkerchief weave, the satin weave has the highest average ventilation volume, and in the plain weave, the ventilation volume is higher than that of FS, from 210 to 250 fibers with low fiber count. It was suggested that handkerchief could be used as an alternative to FS. Further study must be warranted.

4 - Can handkerchiefs be suitable for Mouth-to-mouth ventilation?