Background and Goal of Study: Laryngotracheal stenosis is a rare but potentially dangerous complication after surgical repair for congenital heart disease (1). The aim of the present study was to determine incidence and contributing factors of such complication in our population. 
Materials and Methods: After IEC approval, the medical chart of children undergoing cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass between January 2002 and July 2015 were reviewed. Patients with a laryngotracheal stenosis were compared with those without one, after matching with a 1:2 ratio considering age and weight. Continuous variables were compared with the Mann-Whitney test and categorical ones with the χ2-test.
Results and Discussion: Among the 2121 patients involved in the study, 12 children developed laryngotracheal stenosis, including glottic stenosis (N=2), subglottic stenosis (N=8) and tracheal stenosis (N=2). Two children received medical therapy alone, 8 had endoscopic treatment, and 3 underwent airway surgery. Those 12 children were matched and compared with 24 children without laryngotracheal stenosis. The results are illustrated in Table 1. Prematurity, endotracheal tube size and number of endotracheal intubations were statistically significant between both groups. Children with stenosis tended also to have more genetic abnormalities than those who did not (29.2% vs. 58.3%; P=0.091). Due to the retrospective character of our study, we cannot exclude that children with laryngotracheal stenosis had a higher number of intubation attempts because of their pathology. Other factors, such as RACHS-1 score, and CBP time were not significantly different between both groups. 
Conclusions: Laryngotracheal stenosis is a rare postoperative complication of congenital heart surgery. Prematurity, greater endotracheal tube size and repeated intubation attempts are significant risk factors.
1.	Mossad E et al. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2009; 23:658-62.

Laryngotracheal stenosis in children following cardiac surgery: a retrospective review