Many hydrophobic bioactive agents (e.g. ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and carotenoids) have poor oral bioavailability, which inevitably lower their efficacy as health-promoting agents. However, these restrictions could be overcome by developing effective colloidal delivery systems, including emulsions and microgels, using scallop gonad protein isolates (SGPIs) as novel food-grade emulsifiers. Purpose: Controlling the initial oil phase composition of SGPIs-based emulsions could be used to alter the properties of mixed micelles and chylomicrons formed in gastrointestinal tract (GIT), in turn, influence the bioaccessibility, transformation and uptake of β-carotene (BC). In the current project, BC was embedded into emulsions stabilized by SGPIs, and then the filled hydrogel beads were further prepared by trapping the emulsion droplets within calcium alginate beads. Then, we evaluated the influence of carrier oil type, including long-chain triglycerides (LCT) and medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), on bioavailability of BC using a GIT and Caco-2 cell model. Results: Our results demonstrated that both SGPIs-stabilized LCT and MCT emulsions remained stable at pH 7-8 but aggregated at lower pH values (3-6), while the hydrogel beads remained relatively intact from pH 3-8. LCT droplets fabricated bySGPIs were digested and released more slowly than MCT droplets during the GIT digestion, and lipid droplets within hydrogel beads were released more slowly than in emulsions. The LCT emulsion showed higher BC bioaccessibility (65.5%) than MCT emulsion (23.1%) as a result of the greater solubilization of BC in mixed micelles fabricated from long-chain fatty acids, while the overall bioavailability of hydrogel beads (30.2%) was slightly lower than emulsions (35.0%). Moreover, LCT-based emulsions were more effective at enhancing cellular uptake of BC than MCT-based emulsions in intestinal epithelial cells, which was meaningful for designing of intracellular-targeting delivery system. Conclusion: These results demonstrated that SGPIs could be used as novel food-grade emulsifiers to protect lipophilic bioactive compounds in colloidal delivery systems, in which LCT is more suitable than MCT, and hydrogel beads are more suitable than emulsions. 

Modulation of bioaccessibility and cellular uptake of �_-carotene using scallop (<i>Patinopecten yessoensis</i>) gonad protein isolates: Effects of carrier oil and colloidal delivery systems

Macromolecular Chemistry: The Second Century

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ACS Spring 2020 National Meeting & Expo

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Modulation of bioaccessibility and cellular uptake of �_-carotene using scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) gonad protein isolates: Effects of carrier oil and colloidal delivery systems