Comparison of glycemic, insulinemic and NEFA response to commonly consumed rice between nondiabetic and diabetic subject

Background: 
Glycemic Index (GI) and insulin responses are useful for measuring biological effects and consequences of carbohydrates when designing healthy diets, particularly for people with or at risk of developing diabetes and others disorders such as metabolic syndrome. In this study, we investigated Glycemic Index (GI) and Glycemic Load (GL), insulin (as measured by C-peptide) and Non Esterified Fatty Acid (NEFA) responses of healthy and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to Bangladeshi commonly consumed Gutisarna rice. 
Objective: The present study was undertaken to investigate whether single GI and GL tables for nondiabetic and diabetic subjects are logical to be generated by parallelly comparing the glycemic insulinemic and NEFA response to a carbohydrate rich food, Gutisarna rice; between two groups. 
Design: The study was conducted on 10 nondiabetic (age in years, 38±6; body mass index (BMI) in kg/m2, 24±3; M±SD) and 10 diabetic (43±6; body mass index (BMI) in kg/m2, 25±4; M±SD) subjects who were clinically and biochemically matched except for glycemic status. After overnight fasting each subject consumed ~200 g of Gutisarna rice (Bangladeshi origin) which contained 50 g of carbohydrate. The same experiment was repeated with equivalent quantity of glucose. The serum levels of glucose were estimated at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 minutes in case of nondiabetic and at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 minutes respectively in case of diabetic subjects. NEFA and C-peptide levels were at first and last minute were measured by ELISA method. GI was calculated by standard formula and GL calculated based on the customary serving size usually used by people in Bangladesh in their diet. 
Results: Among the nondiabetic subjects the iAUC for Gutisarna rice was less than compared to that for glucose (iAUC, Gutisarna rice vs glucose, 128.93±75.98 vs 219.08±84.43, p=0.003), and also in diabetic subjects the response between rice and glucose were showed highly significant (208.98±90.53 vs 383.31±128.38, p=0.001) respectively. The GI of the honey was found to be 54±24 in the nondiabetic and 57±27 in the diabetic groups. When considered as per serving (100 gm) the GL of the Gutisarna rice was 15 in nondiabetic and 16 in the diabetic groups. In contrast, the postprandial serum C-peptide and NEFA levels were didn’t show any significant different in both nondiabetic and diabeteic subjects. 
Conclusions: Presence of bioactive natural agents in these rice, resulting in the suppression of insulin secretion/action or having stimulatory effect on insulin antagonists, need to be investigate and evaluated in further studies.