Nanoparticle-biomolecule conjugates have been studied for numerous applications in biology and medicine, including imaging agents, therapeutics, drug delivery vehicles, and contrast agents for imaging. One emerging area is the use of nanoparticles in paper based immunoassays, which are used as rapid diagnostics for infectious disease and many other applications including clinical tests, drug testing, and food safety. They can be administered at point of care and deployed in fieldable settings by non-experts. Predominantly, they provide a readout by eye because they use gold nanoparticles, which have a strong absorption due to their surface plasmon resonance, thus providing sample-to-answer times of minutes. However, the biotic-abiotic interface can result in undesirable side effects, especially for nanomaterials. In paper-based assays, there are numerous opportunities for non-specific adsorption, protein denaturation, protein corona formation, and steric hindrance. Unfortunately the impact of these interface issues are false positives, and/or reduced sensitivity, which can have severe ramifications in a clinical setting. Furthermore, diagnostics are run in biological fluids such as blood, serum, or urine, where proteins are present at high concentrations, and thus a protein corona can form around the nanoparticle. Here, we will discuss interface issues such as bioconjugation and surface chemistry, and quantitatively assessing their impact on the paper diagnostic performance. We will also describe special issues for using high sensitivity detection methods, and also exploiting size-dependent nanoparticle properties.

Nanoparticle-biomolecule interface in paper based immunoassays and rapid diagnostics

Macromolecular Chemistry: The Second Century

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ACS Spring 2020 National Meeting & Expo

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