Fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printers, the most popular type of 3D printer among home hobbyists, have been shown to release volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) and billions of airborne particles per minute, indicating the potential for inhalation exposure and consequent health risks among 3D printer users including children. Publications on FDM 3D printer emissions, however, contain large heterogeneity of testing methods and analytical procedures making it difficult to reach overall conclusions for particle characteristics or particle number emission rates. We conducted a meta-analysis of published particle emission data collected during FDM 3D printer operation using two popular feed stocks: acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) or poly-lactic acid (PLA), expressed as either particle count diameters (PCDs) (nanometers), particle number concentrations (PNCs) (particles/cm3), or particle number emission rates (PNERs) (particles/min). The results showed a majority of particles were released as ultrafine in size (i.e., &lt;100 nm), a size range capable of penetrating to deep lung tissues. A linear mixed model fit to mean PNCs for the studies indicated an association with nozzle temperature and filament material. Overall means of PNC data were found to be 300,980 particles/cm3 for ABS and 65,482 particles/cm3 for PLA, suggesting increased exposure to ultrafine particles from the use of ABS. Finally, the PNER calculation method varied widely across studies, especially regarding losses, and directly impacted the PNERs reported. It is recommended that standard emissions testing protocols be used for FDM 3D printers with particle influxes and losses more uniformly calculated. The potential health implications of inhalation of respirable particles from 3D printers will depend on accurate measurements of particle emission rates, as well as other factors such as particle composition, frequency of use, measures to mitigate exposures, and susceptibility of the exposed individuals, including children.

Emission of respirable particles from fused deposition modeling 3D printers

2019 Fall National Meeting

The official archive and repository for all ACS Meetings & Expositions abstracts and select posters or presentations.