Visual pursuit (VP) and visual fixation (VF) have been recognized as the first signs of emerging consciousness and therefore are considered indicative of the minimally conscious state (MCS). However, debate exists about their status as they are considered either conscious reactions or reflexes. The aim of this study is to review the evidence of the definition, operationalization and assessment of VP and VF in unconscious patients. 
PubMed, EMBASE were searched for relevant papers between May 26, 1994 and October 1, 2016. Also, an internet search was done to identify other relevant papers, reports and manuals of assessment methods. Papers were included if the definition, operationalization or assessment method of VP and VF were discussed in patients with disorders of consciousness.
We identified 2364 articles, of which 38 were included. No uniform definitions of VP and VF were found. VP and VF were operationalized differently, depending on which scale was used. The Coma Recovery Scale-revised and the Sensory Tool to Assess Responsiveness were the only diagnostic scales found; the other scales were developed to monitor DOC patients. The use of a mirror was the most sensitive method for detecting VP and VF. 
The literature about the importance VP and VF in relation to consciousness is controversial. This integrative review shows a lack of consensus regarding the definition, operationalization and assessment of VP and VF. International consensus development about the definition, operationalization and assessment of VP and VF is recommended.

Are visual functions diagnostic signs of the minimally conscious state? an integrative review