This paper through comparative analysis of parking charge and congestion pricing features, aims to highlight their possibilities and identify limitations, and thus to encourage transport policy makers to implement them. Both policies can tackle with negative consequences of traffic, such as pollution, noise, accidents, etc. But they still differ in a way they act on car users. Analysis of this similarities and differences will be main task of this paper. The results of analysis can be useful for better understanding of effects of both policies when selecting measures that can be used by decision makers in solving congestion in cities.

Parking versus Congestion Pricing:  Comparative Analysis

Electrification of the vehicle fleet is widely seen as a key element in national governments’ endeavor to bring down greenhouse gas emissions from transport. Policies vary considerably between countries, some resorting to subsidization, others relying on taxation, and many national and supranational authorities – such as the EU – emphasizing emissions regulation with or without fiscal penalties.  

In no other country is the market uptake of electric vehicles as vigorous as in Norway. The unprecedented speed at which Norwegian automobile buyers have embraced battery electric technology has taken observers, policy makers, stakeholders and even protagonists by surprise. We examine the government incentives in force in Norway and discuss whether they can be generalized to other jurisdictions.

Taxation or Subsidization? Explaining Norway’s Record Fast Market Uptake of Electric Cars

The implementation of public-private partnerships (PPPs) is an important step for the industry modernization, improving of work quality and creating a competitive environment.
Research in this direction and the development of methodological recommendations will allow determining the economic efficiency when concluding PPP contracts for customer and investor and social efficiency for direct users of a concession road.
The determination of the socio-economic effect for entities of concession and other public-private partnership projects will contribute to the effective investment of funds in the project and the possibility of obtaining profit from management of a concession or other public-private partnership project.

Comprehensive assessment of the implementation of public-private partnership in transport infrastructure

The European union’s official cycling strategy states that bicycle use should increase by 50 percent in ten years while at the same time halving the amount of deaths (ECF, 2019). It is therefore highly important to find safety increasing measures that are both acceptable for bicyclists and that actually work. The Horizon 2020 project MeBeSafe is investigating if nudging can be a fruitful way towards safer traffic behaviour of car and truck drivers, as well as cyclists. This paper reports on a series of quasi-experimental studies that investigated if nudging can affect bicyclists’ speed as well as trajectory. The project has so far showed that visual nudges have a great potential for affecting speed and trajectory, while haptic nudges seems to have little effect.

Nudging bicyclists towards a safer behavior -Experiences from the MeBeSafe project

Urban Mobility Systems UMS are in the constant process of evolution within the complex technical, administrative, and regulatory environment. Well-structured process of UMS development requests continuous implementation of targeted and structured phases of evaluation and improvement. Selection of limited numbers of available UMS indicators have significant interpretation limitations. Comprehensive approaches give complex matrix of indicators difficult to understand and handle.  UMS are heterogeneous systems with complex relations among main stakeholders’ groups with fundamental differences in interests, roles and competences. Despite those differences, all UMS stakeholders have significant impact on UMS purpose and sustainability.  Irrelevant to the UMS technical and organizational aspects, UMS is a service provider. Provision of UMS services is a market activity defined by mobility demand and service quality. UMS market success or failure shapes the Business sustainability and UMS development perspectives.  
 
This paper proposes new UMS evaluation approach with focus on UMS stakeholders and business sustainability.

Urban Mobility Systems Evaluation with focus on Business Sustainability and Stakeholders Influence

This poster presents the results of one the key actions implemented in Elba within CIVITAS Destinations project: the design and implementation of Shared Mobility Agency. The Shared Mobility Agency addresses the two main levels of urban mobility in a coordinated way, where both public (collective) and private components interact with each other: major transport axes, on the one hand, and flexible/ridesharing services on the other. The Flexible Shared Agency integrates access to several “on demand and shared” individual and collective services, by coordinated management of the various actors and services through an ad-hoc organization framework, technology-enabled services and soft measures. The Shared Mobility Agency concept is presented specifying how it was adapted to answer to the needs identified in Elba (tourist destination, seasonality of the demand, etc.). The main components of the Agency are detailed focusing on the IT platform as backbone for its operation. The functionalities and use case are outlined providing some example of the operational flow.

The Shared Mobility Agency operating in Elba: a first step towards a rural MaaS initiative

The Vessel Train, a concept based on the platooning principle, is composed of a fully manned lead vessel and a number of follower vessels. The lead vessel takes over the navigational and situational awareness responsibilities for the follower vessels. This enables automation of the navigational tasks on these follower vessels, which in turn leads to a potential to reduce their crew size and associated cost.

This paper uses a crew analysis algorithm to estimate the crew cost reduction that is caused by elimination of navigational tasks on follower vessels. The costs created by different types of lead vessels and the costs created through the implementation of the vessel train technology on the follower vessels are compared to the savings achieved through the crew reduction to enable an assessment of the vessel train concept’s economic viability.

The Effects of Automating Navigation on the Economic Viability  of a Short Sea Platooning

The growing need for more sustainable energy sources has led to the increase of research in the field of energy harvesting in recent years. The potential to harvest the kinetic energy from vehicles in the road pavement has led to a new area of research, known as road pavement energy harvesting, in which some technologies have been developed in recent years. A common problem of such technologies has been the inefficiency of energy conversion, especially when tested outside laboratories. After presenting the system modeling and computational simulations of a new electromechanical system in a previous work, this paper deals with the experimental validation of a road pavement energy harvesting device based on an electromechanical system. The main goal is to quantify the energy harvesting and conversion efficiency of the system and compare it with the existing systems and previous simulations. Conclusions about the system’s efficiency and the energy production are presented.

Road pavement energy harvesting: experimental validation of an electromechanical system

It is currently recognized in Belarus that electric vehicles are the optimal type of passenger transport for a city usage that meets all the requirements of environmental and energy security. However, the number of persons wanting to buy them is very little, because today electric vehicles in Belarus are very expensive. All this makes the development of the personal light electric transport segment (electric bicycles, scooters, motorcycles, etc.) very actual.At the same time, the introduction of new technologies (in particular, the use of 3D printing) is of particular importance for their mass production.
The range of tasks that can be solved with the help of modern additive technologies is expanding every day. First of all, this refers to the field of engineering, because 3D printing significantly expands the capabilities of engineers and designers, reduces the role of the "human factor", provides greater accuracy and higher quality products, reduces the production costs and provides the ability to manage the physical and mechanical properties of components and systems.
FDM technology is one of the most commonly used additive methods. It is not only widely available, but also provides significant open space for decision-making of researchers and manufacturers. However, most developments in this area are focused on obtaining the geometric accuracy of parts without regard to their mechanical properties.
Therefore, this study is aimed at an experimental investigation of the filling density influence of parts and components of engineering structures that have been made by 3D printing, on their mechanical properties.
Specific solutions for the manufacture of electric bicycle components using FDM technology have been proposed.

3D printing application in personal light electric transport production in Belarus

The presented paper describes the legal process of Horizon Europe and Partnerships within it from Member States' point of view and from the point of view of the already existing initiative Shift2Rail, whilst showing the importance of Partnerships for the railway sector. It emphasizes new aspects of automation, digitalization, and mobility as a service. Finally, it covers synergies of the innovation strategy of the Czech Republic and the mentioned activities, keeping in mind the new official slogan - Czech Republic, the country of the future.

Partnerships in "Horizon Europe" and Innovation strategy of the Czech Republic

This paper explains the methodology and key findings of a test pilot carried out in summer of 2018 and aimed at improving TMB Bus provision on the Barcelona waterfront. The city has nowadays 4 km of beach and a wide waterfront area, very crowded in sunny weather days. At the weekend, all of this increases precisely when TMB supplies slightly fewer buses than on a working day. To improve our service on those areas and fulfil the higher ridership demand, we undertook a predictive demand study, as part of the TMB Big Data Analytics projects. The project focused on drawing up a predictive model using advanced analytic technology on Machine Learning (ML) over the TMB Big Data Analytics cluster, to find out the ridership (passenger boarding) at several pre-set bus stops, near the shore.

Bus Demand Predictive Analysis on Barcelona Waterfront

The world’s largest cable car network was built between 2012 and 2019 to serve for public transport in La Paz and El Alto, both heavily affected by congestion. The provision of a safe, reliable and comfortable mode of transport had a positive impact on the population’s mobility and achieved significant time savings for commuters. It also acts as a catalyst for urban development.
Connecting the neighbouring cities of El Alto and La Paz had long been a planning goal. While only a few hundred metres apart, a challenging topography made movement between the cities difficult and limited options for transport links. Despite their proximity the cities had a very different social and income structure.
Cable cars lines were built to facilitate movement between the cities, reduce air pollution and finally to achieve social cohesion. It was recognised that a mobile population has better economic, cultural and social dynamics.

Cable cars for public transport: The transformation of La Paz and El Alto in Bolivia

This study reports the first European evaluation of a vehicle occupancy sensor on a high traffic highway. Until 2013, no road side control system was able to detect occupants in vehicles with the level of efficiency and reliability required for automatic control of High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes. Non accurate Vehicle occupancy verification is the principal impediment to more effective HOV lane enforcement. A system measuring the vehicle occupancy, was evaluated on the two lanes of the A86 motorway in Paris. The predictions of the automatic vehicle occupant detection system are accurate at more than 90 % for detecting Single Occupancy Vehicle. An innovative methodology for evaluating occupancy sensor is described in the paper.

Vehicle occupancy automatic sensor fosters HOV lane implementation

Passenger and goods transport are two sectors that undergo rapid changes. The sharing economy is transforming markets around the world and passenger transport markets are no exception. This study focused in particular on peer-to-peer (P2P) car sharing. For any such service to function it is important to have a good understanding of the expected acceptance of the sharing concept within the local communities. The paper presents the results of the investigation made in the Greek and Italian market in order to understand the perception of vehicle owners about peer-to-peer car sharing. Validation experiments were elaborated in a questionnaire that resulted in collecting answers from 254 participants mainly originating from Greece and Italy with a wide age distribution. Out of them 29.1% would be willing to rent out their car at €36, a price competitive to alternative options such as car rentals. Insurance issues appear to be the most prominent issue for participating in such a service, while some prior knowledge and the ability to monitor the conditions of the vehicle rental also attracted the concern of the respondents.

Insights on the acceptance of direct private car rental for supporting peer to peer mobility solutions – a case study on Italy and Greece

HSCB are one of the basic elements of short-circuit and against electric shock protection in DC circuits. They appear in transport in electric power supply facilities and in vehicles. They are used in energy storage, industrial processes and wherever there is a necessity to switch off large DC currents values and/or a voltage higher than 1 kV DC is used. The most commonly used type of HSCB are magnetic blowout switches. Before starting their operation, they are tested in a laboratory. The results of tests determine their parameters. In real-life conditions, HSCB often work in circuits that differ in parameters from those used in laboratory tests. It can have a significant impact on the HSCB’s operation. The article presents examples of phenomena affecting the work of HSCB recorded during tests and examples of standards which are not always compliant with the actual HSCB working conditions.

DC high-speed circuit-breakers – tests versus operation in real conditions

Despite the recently growing focus on pedestrian safety, pedestrians are still the most vulnerable group of road users. Walking is the mode of mobility to be encouraged and pedestrian safety assurance is a very important area for improving road safety, especially on urban roads. A detailed analysis of road accidents is one of the key tools for selecting the most effective and useful measures for improving pedestrian traffic conditions. This paper presents the detailed road accident analysis of 2016–2017 in Vilnius City, develops the accident victim‘s (pedestrian’s) portrait and identifies the most dangerous traffic conditions for pedestrians. Pedestrian involved accidents analysis shows that the most frequent victims of road accidents are drunken pedestrian men crossing the street on link where is no pedestrian crossing during a dark time of the day.

Analysis of pedestrian involved road accidents in the Vilnius City

Examples from liberalized and vertically separated railway sectors show some operators do not necessarily run trains at the permissed  line speed, and do not use the most efficient train types. This results in lower than possible commercial speeds or higher costs, consequently leading to lower socio-economic benefits. These phenomena are relevant for Sweden as the country plans for a possible high-speed rail network. For this project, an economic model was constructed based on available operating cost data to analyze two economic drivers of the operators behind the choice of train types. Costs and revenues including demand elasticity for travel time are calculated. Results clearly shows the importance of knowing market conditions, that is, the travel time sensitivity of potential train passengers. With lower time sensitivity, the importance of lower operating costs in terms of more efficient train concepts increases while higher time sensitivity increases the impact of high commercial speed.

The importance of commercial speed and operating costs for planning high-speed train services

Over the past decade, the Danish Road Directorate has, in collaboration with universities and the Danish pavement industry, been involved in several R&D projects on developing a pavement with a low rolling resistance alongside a high durability, equal to or more than pavement types conventionally chosen for major Danish roads, predominately an SMA11. This pavement is termed the climate friendly pavement.

In a political landscape where initiatives of climate change mitigation are increasingly needed and requested, the development and subsequent implementation of the climate friendly pavement has gained great and broad interest, both on national and international level. As a result, ear-marked state resources were allocated to the Danish Road Directorate in 2017 and 2018 specifically for further research and analyses through assigning resources for paving additional stretches as a large-scale demonstration project.

Throughout all phases of development and demonstration projects, all properties of this pavement were closely analyzed, monitored and measured in close collaboration with the pavement industry for optimum end-results and for further cooperative development and adjustments.

To document the full potential, measured both in material-, e.g. durability, chemical aging, etc., and functional properties, e.g. rolling resistance, noise, etc., of the climate friendly pavement, extensive measurements have been
performed on all paved stretches. The final mix of the climate friendly pavement has been paved since 2017 and the stretches with this exact mix will form the main basis for the end-documentation of the effects. In 2019, a full measurement campaign will be completed. As a new, advanced measurement approach, direct fuel consumption measurements related to the pavement will be performed on the climate friendly pavement and compared to a reference pavement.

The results and subsequent analyses of all measurements that will lead to the comprehensive documentation of the climate friendly pavement will be finalized in 2019 and fully presented at the TRA2020.

Paving Climate Friendly Pavement with Low Rolling Resistance - Perspectives of Extensive Measurements Results

Ridesharing is often seen as a possibility to increase the mobility of citizens in rural areas, especially in connection with existing public transport. Two platforms were examined and evaluated in the research project GetMobil, which focused on the barriers and potentials in relation to the effects achieved. This was done with several surveys, analysis of usage data and expert interviews. The research showed that one common feature of both platforms was the low number of successfully completed rides. The question arising from this is: how should a ridesharing platform be designed in order to achieve a high proportion of matches between ridesharing offers and requests, motivate as many people as possible to participate actively and increase the mobility of residents in the region. Based on the examinations, recommendations were compiled for implementing ridesharing services.

Determinants of Success and Constraints of Integrated Ridesharing in Rural Areas

This paper demonstrates the level of digitalisation of different industries in two case countries: Finland and Australia. The empirical longitudinal data sets are retrieved from the national accounts of the two countries’ official statistical offices and the Eurostat. The proxies for levels of digitalisation are the investments made in information and communications technology. According to the results, the transport industry one of the least digitalised industries, in both countries. Therefore the transport industry has a significant investment gap when compared to other industries, which means that the concept of ‘Intelligent Transport System’ somewhat lacks credibility in operational and empirical sense. The productivity of the transport industry has been modest, and it seems that the correlation between industries’ productivity and investments in digitalisation is weak. The presence of Solow’s productivity paradox is apparent. The paper addresses the implications for the policies and strategies regarding the deployment of ITS.

Operationalising ITS: How much is the transport industry really investing in digitalisation and how has this affected its productivity?

Nowadays, last-mile delivery receives a great deal of attention, due to the increasing e-commerce market. The current delivery concepts do not seem suitable to cope with the simultaneously growing transportation volume efficiently. Autonomous delivery vehicles (ADVs) have the potential to revolutionize last-mile delivery. Despite its importance, little research exists on the acceptance of such delivery alternatives. Hence, it is imperative to identify the variables that determine user acceptance of ADVs. Within this study the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) was applied to the underlying context. Quantitative data was collected via an online survey approach (n=501) and structural equation modelling was undertaken. Performance expectancy has been found to be the most important variable, followed by social influence; whereas no effect could be found for effort expectancy. The results of this study have important practical implications and theoretical contributions in the areas of technology acceptance and last-mile logistics.

Acceptance of autonomous delivery vehicles - Applying the UTAUT model to the context of last-mile logistics

On majority of roads, horizontal road markings are essential safety feature that must be periodically renewed to maintain appropriate performance. The use of a premium road marking system resulted in prolonged the service life as compared to a standard system, which would be financially-neutral in the long term despite much higher unit and initial costs; advantageously, 54% less glass beads and 63% less paint would be required over 10-year life cycle. When these products usage savings are recalculated into raw materials consumption, the premium system would demand about 21% more of titanium dioxide, but that would be offset by approximately 25% reduction in the consumption of acrylic resin and circa 97% reduction in organic solvents usage and emissions. The results from this analysis can be used by road administrators to select the best systems, by policy makers seeking minimisation of environmental impacts, and by contractors who won performance tenders.

Materials selection for structured horizontal road markings: financial and environmental case studies

Horizontal road markings are a necessary safety feature that is guiding drivers. For visibility at night time, when the risk of accidents and their severity is highest, road markings must be reflectorised with glass beads to be visible when vehicles’ headlights shine on them. For renewal of thick-layer structured road markings that lost their retroreflectivity but with their structure mostly intact, paints are used.  It is demonstrated that the selection of a modern road marking solution, comprising a premium-type glass beads and a high-performance waterborne paint permits for meaningful increase in durability of the renewed markings. During a field experiment, a traditional road marking system failed after winter while the modern system passed, exhibiting at least doubled the service life. The extended road markings service life translates to 50% savings in material consumption, 50-97% lower emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, and long-term financial cost lower by 5-26%.

Field evaluation of road marking systems used for renewal of structured pavement markings – preliminary findings

This paper studies distributional effects of public transport (PT) subsidies focusing on the Greater Oslo region. We identify how different PT markets enjoy different levels of subsidies. We describe how subsidies are distributed along PT modes and their respective patronage. This is done by document studies and travel surveys, supplemented by expert inquiries. We find that high-income groups, served by regional trains and high-speed crafts, receive large per passenger and per passenger-kilometre subsidy, while lower-income areas, typically served by local and regional buses, metros and local trains, receive lower subsidies per passenger. Peak traffic receives higher subsidies than off-peak traffic. The overall distributional profile is, however, found to be moderately progressive, in particular because of the socio-economic profile of the average PT passenger relative to the population as a whole.