Hydraulically fractured wells with horizontal drilling (HDHF), accounted for 69% of all oil and gas wells drilled and 670,000 of the 977,000 producing wells in 2016. However, only 238 flowback and produced water samples have been analyzed to date. To aid the development of predictive tools, we constructed a database combining additive disclosure reports and physicochemical conditions at respective well sites with the goal of making synthesized analyses accessible. As proof-of-concept, we used this database to evaluate transformation pathways through two case studies: (1) a filter-based approach for flagging high-likelihood cinnamaldehyde halogenation sites according to experimental criteria and (2) a regionally comparative trihalomethane formation model using a predictive empirical equation, the latter of which could not have been possible without the work contributed by the prolific careers of Prof. A. Lynn Roberts and her students. Study (1) highlighted 173 wells with high cinnamaldehyde halogenation likelihood based on combined criteria related to subsurface conditions and oxidant additive usage. Study (2) found that trihalomethane formation in certain wells within five specific basins may exceed regulatory limits for drinking water based on reaction-favorable subsurface conditions, but variability in conditions and limitations in empirical modelling led to wide uncertainty. While experimentation improves our understanding of subsurface reaction pathways, this database has immediate applications for informing environmental monitors and engineers about potential transformation products in residual fluids, guiding well operators decisions to avoid unwanted transformations and highlighting regions for necessary follow-up measurement and/or treatment. With future discoveries and developments that build on the work of the Roberts group and others, we envision more robust components incorporating transformation, transport, toxicity, and other physicochemical parameters to fully predict subsurface interactions and flowback composition.<br/> <br/>

Geospatially resolved database of hydraulic fracturing wells for chemical transformation assessment

Macromolecular Chemistry: The Second Century

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ACS Spring 2020 National Meeting & Expo

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