Seed flours are a byproduct of seed oil production. Investigating seed flours' potential health beneficial properties can add value to the oil industry and seed producers while reducing environmental contaminations. In this study, six cold-pressed seed flours including blackberry, broccoli, carrot, cucumber, tomato, and milk thistle seed flours, were extracted with 50% acetone and evaluated for their phytochemical compositions along with their potential gut microbiota modulating, free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative capacities. UHPLC-MS analysis detected thirteen, nine, ten, fifteen, four and thirteen compounds in the blackberry, broccoli, carrot, tomato, and milk thistle seed flour extracts, with sanguiin H-6, glucoraphanin, kaempferol, quercetin and silychristin as the major component of each, respectively. All six seed flour extracts enhanced the total number of gut bacteria and altered the abundance of specific bacterial phylum or genus in vitro. The blackberry seed flour extract had the greatest relative DPPH radical scavenging capacity and ABTS radical scavenging capacity of 362 and 267 μmol Trolox equivalent (TE)/g, respectively. The milk thistle seed flour extract showed the greatest oxygen radical absorbing capacity and hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity values of 634 and 10420 μmol TE/g, respectively. All six seed flour extracts suppressed LPS induced IL-1β mRNA expressions in J744A.1 mouse macrophages and the proliferation of LNCaP prostate cancer cells. The result might be used to promote the value-added utilization of these seed flours in improving human health.

Chemical compositions of selected cold-pressed seed flour extracts and their health beneficial properties

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