There is ever-increasing interest yet grand challenge in creating programmable untethered soft robotics. In this paper, we fabricate a smart material composed of a layer of stacked graphene assembly (SGA) resting on a polyethylene (PE) film. The resulting SGA/PE bi-material enables us to achieve untethered soft robotics with high programmability, which is essentially owing to the unique asymmetric elastoplasticity of the SGA layer under tension and compression. Specifically, the as-prepared SGA/PE bi-material exhibits swift and sensitive morphing behavior in response to the variation of surrounding temperature, implying its great promise and potential of being used as a thermal-induced actuator. Furthermore, with the application of patterned SGA and/or localized tempering pretreatment, the initial configurations of such thermal-induced morphing systems can be programmed as needed, enabling the creation of a variety of actuation systems with sophisticated three-dimensional structures. More interestingly, the SGA/PE bi-material, after tempering-like heat treatment in a constrained space, can spontaneously curl into a roll, which not only exhibits reversible morphing behavior under thermal stimulus but also achieves rolling locomotion under lateral infrared lighting, yielding an untethered light-driven motor. These smart bi-materials are believed to hold great application potential in manufacturing actuators, motors and untethered soft robotics with high programmability. 

Programmable untethered soft robotics developed from stacked graphene assembly with asymmetric elastoplasticity

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