Graphene is a two dimensional, hexagonal lattice different from the 14 Bravais lattices known in materials science and a distinct allotrope of carbon and posess interesting electrical, thermal, magnetic and mechanical properties ('10 Physics Nobel Prize). For large scale production, the cost of production has to be decreases from $60 per sq. inch for graphene in copper substrate to less than $1 in copper substrate in some applications. The operating costs, capital costs are optimized for total minimal cost. Market for nanotechnology products are expected to reach $3 trillion by the year 2015 and $180 million for graphenes by 2018. For economically scalable graphene production the performance of the nine step ion implantation method for graphene synthesis developed at Harvard University is studied. Precide doses of carbon atoms are introduced into polycrystalline nickel films and layer by layer thickness control is achieved by crystallization and by use of 15% less carbon. At 40 nm penetration depths damped wave diffusion and relaxation effects cannot be neglected. In addition to the terms from chemical potential, electrical forces a term for ion acceleration is included in this study. Modified Nernst-Planck equation written by Bard and Faulkner is used. The inertial lag times, regime characterized by Bessel composite function, wave front, regime characterized by modified Bessel composite spatio-temporal function is recognized. Second law of thermodynamics is obeyed.

On acceleration effects of carbon ion during damped wave diffusion and relaxation in polycrystalline nickel films

247th National Meeting (2014)

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