Water use and wastewater disposal are two of the environmental concerns connected with large-scale hydraulic fracturing of oil and gas reservoirs. We present an overview of the role of water in unconventional oil and gas production. The economics, logistics, and environmental issues associated with the procurement, transport, and storage of large quantities of water by a transient and itinerant industry are described. Hydraulic fracture fluids are required to support a multiplicity of purposes, and must function reliably at high temperature and pressure. Among other things, the fracturing fluid must carry solid particulate matter deep into the newly created fractures. We show why fresh water is preferred, but not required, for this application. Recently developed chemical additives allow waters with broad ranges of qualities to be used. After the fracturing procedure, a substantial amount of water flows from the well along with early production of oil or gas. The composition of this water varies with time, eventually resembling natural ground waters found at the depth of the productive formation; these can be highly saline and somewhat radioactive. If this water is not beneficially reused, the preferred method of disposal is via underground injection. This procedure is known to induce seismicity; we discuss engineering controls that can minimize the incidence and severity of seismicity.

Hydraulic fracturing: Water use, reuse, and disposal

251st National Meeting (2016)

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