Direct synthesis of H2O2 (H2 + O2 → H2O2) could enable on-site, and even in situ, H2O2 production, which motivates searches for highly selective catalysts and process conditions. H2O2 formation rates and selectivities depend sensitively on the addition of other transition metals, adsorption of halides, and solvent identity. The reasons for these changes are not completely understood and are difficult to explain mechanistically. We use rate measurements, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and computation on Pd and Pd-based bimetallic clusters to determine the mechanism of this reaction and to understand the reasons why alloying Pd often increases H2O2 selectivities. In aqueous alcohols, the change in H2O2 and H2O formation rates with H2 and O2 pressures are not consistent with a Langmuirian mechanism, but instead suggest O2* species react in steps mediated by the solvent. In addition, H2O2 formation rates in protic solvents are 103 larger than those measured in aprotic liquids and large kinetic isotope effects (kH/kD &gt; 7) strongly suggest that alcohols serve as reactants in the kinetically relevant steps for H2O2 formation. In parallel, O-O bonds within chemisorbed intermediates cleave to form H2O with rates that are less sensitive to the solvent identity. Persistent organic surface residues introduce low barrier reaction pathways to reduce O2* and increase those for O-O dissociation relative to reaction pathways in pure water. These results show that long-standing observations that H2O2 forms in greater yields within alcoholic solvent are not explained by simple differences in the solubility of H2 in the liquid-phase. Similar rate laws and solvent requirements indicate that these reactions proceed by the same pathways in the presence of strongly binding halide adsorbates and acids. These modifications change barriers for the formation of H2O (significantly) with lesser effects on barriers for steps that lead to H2O2, and are consistent with electronic modifications of Pd active sites by intra-atomic orbital rehybridization or by charge transfer from Pd atoms, respectively. Overall, this work presents evidence for the mechanism for H2O2 formation and explains the roles of solvent identity and surface modification strategies on H2O2 selectivities.

Non-Innocent Solvents, Hydrogen Transfer, Oxygen Dissociation on Nanoparticles during the Direct Synthesis of H2O2

256th National Meeting (2018)

The official archive and repository for all ACS Meetings & Expositions abstracts and select posters or presentations.