Introduction: Bariatric surgery can provide weight loss through not only reducing dietary intake but also modifying metabolic control, hunger-satiety mechanisms and gut microbiome (1-4). This study investigated the effects of bariatric surgery on dietary intake, gut microbiome and metabolic markers. 
Methods: The study included 15 morbid obese who had bariatric surgery after baseline interview (Study Group), 8 morbid obese (Control group-1) and 11 non-obese individuals (Control group-2). All participants were followed-up for a 6-month period with face-to-face interviews at baseline (M0), at the end of 3 (M3) and 6 months (M6). Nutritional assessment including dietary intake and anthropometry was done, blood samples were taken for biochemical analysis, and faecal samples were collected for gut microbiome analysis at M0, M3 and M6. Microbiota analysis was performed using QIIME pipeline. Kruskal-Wallis, Wilcoxon and Spearman’s rank correlation tests were performed with SPSS 23.0. 
Results: Participants in the study group lost about 33 kg of body weight in 6 months, in addition to declines in other anthropometric measurements (p<0.05, for each). Dietary energy and nutrient intakes decreased immediately after surgery. Serum glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and hs-CRP levels decreased by surgery (p<0.05, for each). No changes in anthropometrical measurements, dietary intake or biochemical parameters were observed in any of control groups during follow-up period (p>0.05, for each). Morbidly obese participants had higher levels of Firmicutes and lower levels of Bacteroidetes than non-obese subjects at the baseline. By the surgery, the abundances of phylum Bacteroidetes increased from 27.9% to 46.0% (p=0.02) and phylum Firmicutes decreased from 50.3% to 41.7% (p>0.05), leading a significant decrease in Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio (p=0.01) from M0 to M6. At genus level, abundance of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium decreased while Akkermansia increased at M6 in study group (p<0.01, for each). In terms of diversity, morbidly obese participants had a distinct profile according to ß-diversity indices at M0. However, it changed towards the profile of non-obese participants at M3, and became similar with them at M6 (p>0.05) in study group. Besides, α-diversity indices were lower in morbidly obese subjects at M0, but became similar to levels in non-obese controls at M6. No correlation between the alterations in biochemical parameters and relative abundances of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla was observed, however, decline in serum total and LDL cholesterol levels were negatively correlated with decrease in the relative abundance of Proteobacteria (r=-0.718, p=0.013). Furthermore, decrease in the abundance of Firmicutes positively correlated with the changes in both total fat and monounsaturated fatty acid intakes (r= 0.575, p=0.025).
Conclusion: This study showed the substantial effects of obesity and bariatric surgery on gut microbiome profile and diversity besides major differences in anthropometric measurements, dietary intakes and biochemical parameters in Turkish population.
Acknowledgements: This study was funded by Hacettepe University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit.
References: 
1. Wing RR & Phelan S (2005) Am J Clin Nutr 82(1), 222-225.
2. Buchwald H, Avidor Y, Braunwald E et al (2004) JAMA 292(14),1724-1737.
3. Sinclair P, Brennan DJ & le Roux CW (2018) Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepato 15(10), 606-624.
4. Knop FK & Taylor R (2013) Diabetes Care 36(2), 287-291.

Potential associations between alterations in gut microbiome and obesity-related traits after the bariatric surgery

The gastrointestinal tract is amongst the most densely populated ecosystems on earth, home to an abundant and diverse collection of microbial species, not just bacteria but also Archaea, viruses, fungi etc. Significant interest in this area has been sparked in recent years by an appreciation of the importance of the gut microbiota in the health of the host, and this has led to the microbiome of humans and animals being investigated in depth. Studies have drawn links between host nutrition, the gut microbiota and metabolic and immune functions, which in consequence affect physiology.



The first investigations of the structure of the microbiota were culture-based, however the introduction of sequencing technologies such as Sanger sequencing and subsequent development of 454 sequencing and metagenomics approaches have become the mainstay of microbiota studies. The creation of reference databases and analysis software has provided invaluable tools for assigning taxonomy to generated data. Great progress in characterising the structure of the microbiome recently has paved the way for ongoing and future studies on the functional interactions between the microbiota and the host. Studies on the function of the microbiota are critical in understanding the role of the microbiota in human homeostasis and disease pathogenesis.



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