Problem Based Learning (PBL) has been shown to foster the development of critical thinking skills such as problem solving, analytic thinking, decision making, reasoning, argumentation, interpretation, synthesis, evaluation, collaboration, communication, and self-directed learning. However, there is wide variation in the literature as to how PBL should be implemented to foster critical thinking. This paper provides research-based guidelines for implementing PBL that focus on learning design principles and problem design principles to promote critical thinking. This includes consideration of the characteristics of ill-structured problems that frame learning in PBL and how these problems are presented to learners to ensure engagement in critical thinking. A three-phased mapping process that aligns PBL problem characteristics with PBL pedagogical principles to foster critical thinking skills is provided.

Aligning Learning Design Principles with Problem Design Principles to Foster Critical Thinking Skills in PBL

[Conference proceedings](https://vbn.aau.dk/en/publications/transforming-pbl-through-hybrid-learning-models-timely-challenges)