Unlike diesel, biodiesel and its byproducts are non-toxic, ecological, and recyclable with far lower emissions. Numerous nations have espoused biodiesel/vegetable oil auxiliary for diesel fuel based on their atmospheric and soil situations. For instance, Jojoba curcas has unique features that making it a promising feedstock to generate second-generation biodiesel. It can be full-fledged up in abundant categories of soils like infertile or desert land, which benefits to diminish the rivalry with edible oil sources. It has more than 75% unsaturated fatty acid, which influences its physiochemical features. Their seeds hold around 30 % oil yielding biodiesel with high quality via the transesterification process. Subsequently, jojoba oil and its byproducts have a substantial possibility to be exploited in biodiesel manufacture and many other applications. Nevertheless, the main challenges of utilizing of jojoba biodiesel in CI engines are that it has high kinematic viscosity, and it produces a high level of NO~x~ emission.

Meanwhile, lower alcohols, mostly methanol and ethanol have also been frequently considered and exploited in CI engines as biofuels. Nevertheless, there were some difficulties in its direct adding to diesel engines or mixing with diesel fuel. For example, their poor miscibility with diesel, lower lubrication, high auto-ignition temperature, and difficulties in fuel vaporization were stated in the earlier investigations. Compared to lower alcohols, higher alcohols (*C~3~-C~10~*) such as propanol, butanol, and pentanol exhibited pointedly superior combustion features accredited to their higher heating value, lower heat of vaporization making them easier to evaporate inside the combustion chamber and minimizing the cold start complications. Moreover, most of the studies exhibited that they can be entirely mixed with diesel or biodiesel without any issues. Some examinations have scrutinized the impacts of the addition of diesel-biodiesel-alcohols mixtures on engine performance, and they reported that the combustion and emission parameters were enhanced significantly with the addition of higher alcohols.

 Therefore, this article purposes in examining the impact of the addition of higher alcohols to diesel/jojoba biodiesel blend on the combustion and emission parameters of a CI engine under various engine loads. The higher alcohols typically are n-butanol, n-heptanol, and n-octanol, which are combined with 40% diesel, 50 % of jojoba biodiesel at a volume portion of 10%, and they are designated as DJB, DJH, and DJO respectively. The Jojoba biodiesel is produced via a transesterification process with aiding of mechanical dispersion. The findings display that there is a drop in p~max.~ and HRR for DJB, DJH, and DJO blends compared to pure diesel fuel. Concerning engine emission, there is an extensive heightening in emissions formation for DJB, DJH, and DJO mixtures. Finally, adding high fractions of jatropha biodiesel with *C~4~, C~7~*, and *C~8~* alcohols has the feasible to accomplish ultra-low CO, UHC, and smoke creation in the interim having high thermal efficiency level.


Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Working With Diesel/Jojoba Biodiesel/Higher Alcohol Blends

Division / Sponsors: 
Internal Combustion Engine Division (ICED)

Paper Proceedings: https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ICEF/ICEF2020/volume/84034

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