Planck’s theory, ΔE=hΔν, can also be interpreted as that time is discrete, and the space is expected observable. Based on Planck's theory, his equation can be expressed equivalent to Rydberg hydrogen equation ΔE=constant (m<sup>-2</sup> – n<sup>-2</sup>) where m and n are integers. From the hydrogen spectra, it can be seen that the radiation on the two states occur simultaneously. Since the speed of light is a constant, both the interval of time and the interval of distance increment are also constants. The sum of several of these time intervals forms a bigger time interval that the light travels, hence the simultaneity. Various photons move to different locations with same period of time. The physical entities in the two states are supposed to be same, and an extra amount of physical entity is released. Furthermore, if two states difference is too small, it will fall off the visible region. It is arguable that from Coulomb and Gauss’s works, the physical entity in radiation is the torque which has the same dimension as that of energy, the inverse square represents the distance in torque. An attempt to elucidate the merits of time is to assume three phenomena comparable: the circular motion; the electricity and magnetism; and the correlation of space and time. For the circular motion, the centrifugal cannot be explained by Newton’s third law since it is in non-inertial frame, however, if time is discrete, when time stops, it is in the inertial frame, and the third law applies. Immediately after it, the circular motion vanishes and the centripetal force transforms into the tangent force at an angle that is the average of the centripetal and the centrifugal forces. Then the circular motion restarts. When an electron moves linearly it has a backward force, the third law applies, when time stops, the magnetism is a disc-like magnetic field formed vertically as no specific direction indicated and the moving direction of electron determines the magnetic field direction. Assume time is a particle, moving forward and it has a backward re-action according to the third law. When time stops, a two dimensional disc is formed vertically, and the accumulation of discs forms the 3-dimensional space. Since magnetism can be converted to electricity, it is expected that the space can be shrunk to time perhaps at low temperature and high pressure. Then a time particle or a point of origin is expected.

Planck’s conceptual quantization of time and its application to excited hydrogen atom

ACS Fall 2021

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