Thermosets from environment-friendly sources with good thermal stability and flame-resistant characteristics without compromising their mechanical properties are highly desired. In this work, an upcoming class of bio-based benzoxazine monomer C-a and C-trisapm [agrowaste sourced cardanol (C) with aniline (a) or tris-p-aminophenylmethane (trisapm)] was polymerized at low temperature using a non-toxic bio-based phytic acid (PA) at two weight ratios (5 and 10 wt/wt%). The pristine polymer C-a, C-trisapm and its blends with PA were characterized using energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FTIR, 1H-, 31P-NMR spectroscopy to support covalent tethering of PA and homogeneous distribution within the polymer network. The polymerization kinetics was monitored by NMR and FTIR and formation of thermally mediated cross-linked network poly(C-a)/poly(C-trisapm) formation was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), respectively. Rheological variation and adhesive strength of the polymers was determined by rheometer and lap shear strength (LSS) measurements. Pristine poly(C-trisapm) revealed better thermal stability and mechanical properties than poly(C-a) which is accounted to the higher crosslinking density of the former. At a phosphorous content of 1.4% and 2.8% in poly(C-a) the resultant thermosets scored a V0 rating (in UL 94 test), a LOI (24.3% and 26%), and low smoke density values, better than poly(C-a). To understand the mechanism of flame retardance behaviour, the char residue of composites was analyzed by digital photos, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and FTIR spectroscopy. Existence of an effective condensed-phase mechanism contributed to the flame retardancy in the composites. PA served the dual purpose both as an initiator for ring-opening polymerization of benzoxazine monomer and to impart the flame retardant properties. This is due to the high phosphorus content and acidic hydroxyl groups in PA. This study demonstrates that phytic acid is a potential FR halogen-free biobased chemical which can be utilized as a versatile platform for fabricating high-performance thermoset polymers with excellent comprehensive properties.

Biosourced Phytic acid as a Greener Flame retardant for Cardanol based polybenzoxazine network

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27th CRSI National Symposium in Chemistry

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