Gasoline particulate filters (GPF) are the technology used by vehicle manufacturers to achieve compliance with European Euro 6d and Chinese CN 6a particle number standards from pure gasoline direct injection (i.e., no port injectors) passenger cars and light commercial vehicles. Particulate matter (PM) standards in the United States, however, continue to be driven by mass emission limits rather than number (e.g., EPA Tier 3 and CARB LEV III). The composition of the U.S. light duty vehicle fleet also differs from its European and Chinese counterparts by its large share of chassis-certified gasoline-fueled trucks including Class 2a (GVW 6000-8500 lb), Class 2b (GVW 8500-10,000 lb), and Class 3 (GVW 10,000-14,000 lb).&nbsp;A test program to characterize the benefits and challenges of applying a European series production ø5.66”x4”catalyzed GPF (cGPF) to a U.S. Class 2a light duty truck (3.5L Ecoboost Ford F150) in the underfloor location was initiated at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This paper presents a characterization of the light duty truck with the cGPF tested in an unloaded (clean) state, which is worst case with respect to PM filtration and best case with respect to backpressure. Measurements include cGPF temperature, backpressure, brake thermal efficiency (BTE), PM, black carbon (BC), organic and elemental carbon fractions of PM (OCEC), CO, THC, and NOx emissions. The light duty truck was operated through 60 mph steady state, FTP, HWFET, and US06 test cycles, with and without the cGPF, while dilute vehicle exhaust was sampled according to 40 CFR Part 1066 with the vehicle’s stock three-way catalyst (TWC) system in place.&nbsp;Results show the unloaded cGPF achieved 85% to 99% reduction in PM mass emissions with the smallest reduction occuring during the US06, likely because this is the only cycle that raised the temperature of the post-turbine, post-TWC, underfloor cGPF above the threshold for passive regeneration. Composite cycle emissions over the four test cycles (total emissions divided by total miles) were reduced by 95%, 69%, 47% and 15% for PM, CO, NOx and THC, respectively. Reductions in CO, THC and NOx resulted from the catalytic washcoat of the GPF. The low observed composite cycle THC reduction is attributed to the cold start of the FTP and that cGPF temperature hovers around 300°C during much of the FTP. Measured cGPF backpressure and a fuel-air cycle simulation were used to estimate that the cGPF decreased BTE by 0.36% to 0.61% depending on test cycle. Measured BTE (from chassis roll work and fuel consumption), however, did not change by a measurable amount in any test cycle as a result of adding the cGPF.&nbsp;The series production unloaded cGPF achieved impressive reductions in PM mass from the U.S. Class 2a light duty truck with no measurable deterioration in BTE in the test cycles investigated in this study. The relatively low temperature of the post-turbine, post-TWC, underfloor cGPF would require periodic active regeneration of the cGPF if the vehicle were only driven in a manner represented by 60 mph steady state, FTP and HWEFT operation.

Characterization of a Lightly Loaded Underfloor Catalyzed Gasoline Particulate Filter in a Turbocharged Light Duty Truck

Paper Proceedings: https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ICEF/ICEF2021/volume/85512

ASME 2021 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference (ICEF2021)

Supporting the need among researchers worldwide for additional online and multimedia content, ASME now offers the ASME Conference Video Collection. This platform will collect and provide long-term access to conference presentation videos, encompassing all technology areas within ASME's technical conference and events program. About 30,000-40,000 engineers across all mechanical engineering and related disciplines participate in ASME conferences each year. This includes authors of approximately 6,000 to 8,000 technical papers published by ASME, the majority of whom also submit video presentations for our virtual conferences. The video collection will be available as an add-on to existing product packages or as a separate subscription.