A sustainable novolac-type resin based on the water-insoluble fraction of bio-oil and glyoxal (BPG) resin was prepared using oxalic acid as a catalyst. Glyoxal was replaced with formaldehyde, a toxic reagent, currently used for the synthesis of resin. A mimic and phenol glyoxal resin (MPG and PG) were also synthesized to determine the benefit of BPG resin. On the other hand, Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (DGEBA) was used as a formaldehyde-free cross-linker for bio-oil based phenol resins, and the pyrolysis biochar was examined as a curing additive for the first time. The kinetic parameters of the curing reaction with model-free methods using data were determined from Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). The BPG resin showed closely curing activation energy to that of PG resin (89.53 and 86.41 kJ/mol by Kissinger methods). Moreover, it was observed that adding biochar can effectively decrease the temperature and activation energy by the curing process. The physicochemical and thermal properties of PG, MPG, and BPG resins before and after curing were compared and demonstrated the potential of treated bio-oil products to effectively replace commercial phenols.

Synthesis and characterization of bio-oil-glyoxal novolac resins curing with DGEBA and biochar

ACS Spring 2022

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