Metal oxide, hydroxide and oxyhydroxide nanoparticles (NPs) are promising anode materials for Li-ion batteries (LIBs), which exhibit higher capacity than conventional graphite anodes. For tin oxyhydroxide (TOOH) NPs, not only an outstanding capacity can be obtained, but also oxides created during charging enhance structural stability. There are many synthetic methods to prepare TOOH NPs, but most are quite tricky, requiring reaction temperature control or expensive precursors. Here, we report a facile route to synthesizing TOOH NPs via electrochemical anodization. TOOH NPs around 10 nm are produced directly from sacrificial tin wires at room temperature and voltages of only a few volts. Also, the electrolyte solutions used for the synthesis are easily available. Structural and chemical investigations are conducted for the obtained TOOH NPs. The material properties can be readily controlled by changing the anodization conditions, particularly electrolyte solutions. In this study, mainly the effect of the crystallinity and the presence of defects in the TOOH NPs on electrochemical performance are evaluated. Additionally, plausible charging/discharging mechanisms of the TOOH NP anode are presented. The anode to which our TOOH NPs are applied shows the maximum capacity of more than 1,000 mAh/g and excellent Coulombic efficiency (~99%). Furthermore, it has magnificent cycle characteristics while maintaining a capacity of about 750 mAh/g even after long cycles. Therefore, the TOOH NPs synthesized by anodization are expected to be very suitable for high-performance LIBs.

Electrochemical synthesis of tin oxyhydroxide nanoparticles by anodization for high-performance Li-ion battery anodes

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