The phosphorylated cellulose nanofibrils (PCNF) made from woody biomass have aroused immense interest because of its promising applications in various fields including flame retardancy, adsorption, and separation. However, traditional production methods generally show adverse environmental impacts and the obtained PCNF has lower charge. In this study, PCNF with varied charge contents (2.09−3.79 mmol g<sup>–1</sup>) was produced by heat soaking pretreatment of cellulose fibers in phosphate salt and urea solutions, followed by curing and nanofibrillation. An optimized pretreatments can be achieved by heat-assistant soaking at 80 °C for 25 min, which was effective to produce PCNF with better performance (e.g., higher charge and crystallinity and fewer kinks) compared to those of traditional methods. Furthermore, the optimized route is more environmentally friendly and cost-effective, with substantial decreases in energy consumption and costs by over 70%, which exhibits great potential for scale-up production of PCNF.

Heat soaking pretreatments for clean and cost-effective production of phosphorylated cellulose nanofibrils with high charge

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