Although the application of glass to chemical apparatus is thought to date to at least the first century CE, its initial use was severely limited due to the low chemical and thermal stability of early soda-lime glass. This began to change in the 13th century, when the prospering Venetian glass industry developed an improved glass that allowed greater expansion of applications to chemical apparatus. The continued evolution of glass technology eventually resulted in what has been described as a "glassware revolution" in the 19th century, in which chemical practice ultimately transitioned to the modern view of the laboratory equipped primarily of chemical glassware. Using various published chemical archaeological data of glass artifacts, the chemical composition of various historic glasses will be compared in order to evaluate their expected chemical and physical properties, including chemical durability, thermal expansion, density, and thermal conductivity. Specific glass of focus will begin with pre- and post-Venetian glass, continue with various later European glasses, before concluding with Bohemian glass, which is largely believed to be the most suitable glass for chemical apparatus prior to the discovery of modern borosilicate glass. Such an analysis should allow evaluation of the respective suitability of these various glasses for application to chemical glassware, as well as highlight limitations of glass apparatus of specific time periods.

Suitability of historic glasses for chemical glassware: Using modern compositional relationships to predict properties of 15<sup>th</sup>-18<sup>th</sup> century glasses

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Suitability of historic glasses for chemical glassware: Using modern compositional relationships to predict properties of 15th-18th century glasses

Suitability of historic glasses for chemical glassware: Using modern compositional relationships to predict properties of 15^th-18^th century glasses