Many chemical compounds are continuously released into the environment due to human activity, such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products (PCPs), flame retardants, and plasticizers. These pollutants have been called emerging contaminants (EC) and are spread in the environment. Exposure to them can result in possible human health effects, including endocrine disorders. Among EC, PCPs are found in fragrances, sunscreens, soaps, cosmetics, toothpaste, and other daily items for hygiene and skincare. PCPs are normally categorized into five groups: musks, UV filters (UVFs), antimicrobials, insect repellents, and preservatives. Studies regarding the monitoring of PCPs in environmental samples are scant, even though they have already been detected at trace level in water, biota, and sediment. Most of the methodologies reported focus on water. Hence, it is necessary to develop reliable analytical methods to determine PCPs in other important environmental matrices like bioindicators (plants or animals) due to their resistance to ecological variability. Biota samples are complex matrices due to the presence of numerous interfering matrix compounds. The low concentration levels of PCPs necessitate highly selective sample preparation techniques.<br/>In this work, suitable analytical methodologies based on matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) combined with solid-phase microextraction (SPME) or SPME arrow followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) are used to analyze eleven PCPs (triclosan, chlorophene, galaxolide, tonalide, N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide, oxybenzone, octocrylene, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, 2-ethylhexyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate, methylparaben, and propylparaben) in fish samples. Crosslinked polymeric ionic liquid (PIL) sorbent coatings were used to fabricate SPME fibers and diminish matrix effects. On the other hand, SPME arrow was employed to obtain higher sensitivity through analyte enrichment due to its larger surface for sorption. The developed methods are simple, solvent-free, do not require any derivatization, and are suitable for different fish matrices.

Miniaturized methods using matrix solid-phase dispersion combined with solid-phase microextraction followed by GC-MS to determine personal care products in fish

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ACS Fall 2022

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