In this study, raw walnuts were used as materials, media-milling technique was applied to produce carnosic acid (CA) loaded walnuts dispersions. Besides, CA-walnut particles (CAWPs) stabilized Pickering emulsions (CAWP-PEs) were fabricated as inks for 3D printing. Along with the milling process (0 - 16 h), the particle size of CAWPs gradually reduced. By simulating the digestive processes in the upper GI tract, the dynamic gastro-intestinal model- TIM-1 confirmed the increased CA’s bioaccessibility. CAWP-PEs were then prepared with optical microstructure and stability characterization. The influence of CAWPs concentrations (20 wt.% and 30 wt.%), walnut oil fractions (v/v), ionic concentrations, and temperature on the storage stability, rheological properties, and 3D printing performance of PEs were investigated. Strong ionic conditions (500 mM) contributed to smaller droplet size (25.4 ± 8.5 μm compared to 28.4 ± 7.9 μm for original CAWP-PEs) and more viscoelastic structures, which facilitated 3D printing performance. Furthermore, all CAWP-PEs exhibited excellent heating and freeze-thaw stability. By the combination of media milling and 3D printing techniques, this work is significant to provide guidelines for the effective and sustainable production of customized multifunctional foods (MFFs) with desired stability.

Milled whole walnut particles with enhanced carnosic acid bioaccessibility and their application to stabilize Pickering emulsions for 3D printing

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