Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are a potential sustainable technology for large-scale energy storage on the grid scale. A symmetry-breaking design strategy enables hexasubstituted [3]radialenes to serve as stable catholytes for aqueous organic RFBs. Further strategies to increase solubility and operating voltage are described here. Specifically, hydrophilic functionalized radialenes comprising 2-sulfoethyl-2-cyanoacetate side chains have been synthesized and electrochemically characterized. These new sulfonate-containing [3]radialenes exhibit superior solubility to the parent compounds without sacrificing reversible redox activity in NaCl or KCl solutions. Additionally, charge-inverted ammonium functionalized [3]radialenes will also be discussed. These novel derivatives allow the catholyte to maintain high solubility in its charged state. Synthesis, characterization, electrochemical analysis and flow cell cycling studies will be included.

Sulfonate-functionalized hexasubstituted [3] radialene catholytes for pH neutral aqueous redox flow batteries

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ACS Fall 2022

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