**Abstract Text**
The application of electronics to hydraulics measurements and experiments created numerous opportunities for hydraulics engineers to measure water velocities and pressures.  In some situations, such as the flow of liquid over weirs or in nozzles, water velocities and pressures could be treated as having negligible turbulence. In other situations, such as flow in open channels, water flow is visibly turbulent.  Critical issues included the effects of turbulence and how to reliably measure high-frequency fluctuations associated with turbulence in water flow. The application of electronics enabled hydraulics engineers to measure such frequencies.  However, little is written about the roles of electronics engineers aiding hydraulicians in developing instrumentation for making such measurements.
An early person in the application of electronics to hydraulic measurements and experimental methods was the electronics engineer and parttime hydraulician Dr. Philip G. Hubbard with the Iowa’s Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research (IIHR), The University of Iowa.  His talents in electronics and hydraulics included using the electrical analogy for hydraulics experiments in situations where turbulence could be ignored, and hydraulic modeling was cumbersome.  Dr. Hubbard developed the hot-film anemometer, the first reliable instrument for measuring velocity fluctuations in turbulent water flow.  Dr. Hunter Rouse, IIHR’s Director, saw that laboratory experiments were needed to vindicate and guide the application of fluid-mechanics to hydraulic engineering. Rouse consequently encouraged and worked with Hubbard. This paper highlights Dr. Hubbard’s contributions to hydraulic measurements and experiments. His contributions to hydraulic measurements and experiments also entailed overcoming substantial, societal difficulties. Dr. Hubbard was African American.



Philip G. Hubbard and Electronics For Hydraulics Measurements and Experiments (Room 312, Monday June 26th, 10:30am-12:00pm)

Engineers, researchers, and climate scientists share developments and innovative practices in the water engineering industry. The Technical Committee for Hydraulics Measurements and Experimental Methods (TCHMEM) of EWRI has organized the HMEM conference six times since 1994, when the first HMEM conference was held in Buffalo, NY. Since then, successful conferences were held in Estes Park, Colorado (2002), Lake Placid, New York (2007), Snowbird, Utah (2012), and Durham, New Hampshire (2017).