<br/>Supercapacitors have attracted remarkable attention as energy storage devices in recent research and commercial activities. Modifying the composition and tuning the surface area and porosity of the electrode material could significantly improve the energy storage capacity and life cycle of the energy storage devices. The problem with supercapacitors is their lower energy density compared with commercially available batteries. Therefore, this research aims to find alternative, cost-effective electrode material for fabricating supercapacitors to achieve higher electrochemical performance. Based on our previous study, it was found that polyaniline as conductive material showed relatively good performances for supercapacitors. In this study, we targeted to modify the properties of the polyaniline by doping with different atoms such as phosphorous, sulfur, nitrogen, and boron using phosphoric, sulfuric, nitric, and boric acids respectively. Along with the synthesis of these nanomaterials, the electrochemical studies were carried out using both a three-electrode system and two-electrode supercapacitor devices. The analysis of electrochemical test measurements showed that hetero-doping improved the electrochemical characteristics of polyaniline. Polyaniline exhibited specific capacitance, power density, and energy density of 12 F/g, 312 W/kg, and 0.6 Wh/kg respectively at a current density of 1 A/g. After doping, boron-doped polyaniline showed higher specific capacitance (247 F/g),  power density (471 W/kg), and energy density (31 Wh/kg) at 1 A/g compared to other dopants and original polyaniline. This material showed excellent stability with 87.6% capacitance retention after 5000 cycles. Overall, the doping method has proven to be an effective method to enhance the electrochemical properties of polyaniline.

Electrochemical characterization of hetero-atom doped polyaniline for high-performance supercapacitors

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