Microorganisms are found everywhere in the environment, including on different types of rocks. They have developed various mechanisms for colonizing these rocks and using them for their own purposes. Minerals, for example, contain important trace elements such as iron or phosphorous, which the microorganisms can make accessible to them.  On the other hand, these environments pose special requirements for the survival of microorganisms. For example, the microorganisms must be able to cope with extreme temperature differences, survive periods of drought, and also deal with toxic elements that are dissolved by their metabolism and released to environment. These adaptations enable the microorganisms to survive in this special environment. Conversely, these processes also help shape the environment. They have a great influence on the biogeochemical cycle of the elements. These microbial processes are not only important for the environment. They can also be used for technical developments, such as metal extraction by bioleaching or biosorption.

Microbial transformation of minerals in nature and its use for technical applications

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