Many studies have focused on developing organic and organometallic anolyte materials for aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFB) applications with the rapid development of conventional flow batteries. However, the lack of low-cost and robust organic and organometallic catholyte materials has become a bottleneck in developing high-performance AORFBs. In this report, a symmetry-breaking design of iron complexes is described. By introducing two ligands to the metal center, the complex compounds exhibited much higher solubility and potential than the widely used ferrocyanide. The symmetry-breaking, iron complex catholyte-based AORFBs were demonstrated at a concentration near the solubility limit with a 1:1 catholyte: anolyte electron ratio. This symmetry-breaking design paves the way for developing metal complexes for high-energy-density AORFBs.

Novel design of catholyte for redox flow batteries

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