Gallbladder cancer is a common malignant tumor of the biliary system with a high fatality rate. Nitinol (Ni-Ti) stents, a standard treatment for prolonging patients’ lives, are susceptible to reocclusion and cannot inhibit tumor recurrence because they lack antitumor and antibacterial activity. Herein, an arsenic-loaded layered double-hydroxide film (LDH) is constructed on Ni-Ti. The LDH absorbs highly toxic trivalent arsenic (As(III)) and processes it into lowly toxic pentavalent arsenic (As(V)). It can also confine As(III) in the interlayer and release only As(V) to the outside. This control mechanism minimizes toxicity during contact with normal tissue. The acidic microenvironment and overexpression of glutathione in tumor tissues not only accelerate the release of arsenic from the platform but also trigger the in-situ transformation of arsenic from lowly toxic As(V) to highly toxic As(III), exerting a strong arsenic-mediated antineoplastic effect. Such a microenvironment-responsive arsenic-loaded platform is expected to prevent tumor overgrowth, metastasis, and bacterial infection and provide new insights into the design of Ni-Ti drug-eluting stents for gallbladder cancer treatment.

Tumor microenvironment-responsive arsenic-loaded layered double hydroxides film with synergistic anticancer and bactericidal activity for gallbladder cancer treatment

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