The environmental presence of compounds with estrogenic properties has become a major subject of worldwide concern. Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) are environmental contaminants that interfere with the function of the endocrine system of wildlife and humans. Among the wide range of substances with endocrine-disrupting properties, estrogens are of particular interest due to their high estrogenic potency and fate in the environment. A large source of these naturally occurring estrogens, such as estrone and β-estriol that enter the environment originate from dairy wastes. These lipophilic compounds may accumulate within livestock's fat tissues and thus enter the human food chain. Estrone and β-estriol conjugates (i.e., sulfated forms), being more water soluble, have greater mobility and are more persistent in the environment than free, non-conjugated forms. This persistence may result in a greater degree of estrogenic activity in the environment and more significant potential for human endocrine disruption than non-conjugated estrogens. Free estrogen forms in the environment are heavily studied; however, their conjugate forms have not.<br/>A Gas-Chromatography-Mass-Spectrometry (GC-MS) method for determining estrone and β-estriol and their conjugates will be presented. In this method, estrogen conjugates are converted to their respective free form (i.e, estrone or β-estriol) using acid hydrolysis. This method will be applied to quantify estrogen conjugates, contained in dairy cattle waste and surrounding dairy farm samples, for monitoring their spread in the environment.

Quantifying estrone and β-estriol conjugates in dairy cattle manure and urine using sorptive stir Bar extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

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