Delineating the role of nanoscale confinement and siliceous interfaces on the mechanisms underlying calcium carbonate crystallization is crucial for advancing durable carbon removal and storage pathways. While classical nucleation and crystallization mechanisms for calcium carbonate in bulk fluids exists, there is a limited understanding of the influence of interfacial fluids on calcium carbonate formation in confinement. Advancing calibrated insights into the nucleation and crystallization mechanisms of carbonates in confined fluids has been challenged by approaches to architect siliceous nanochannels. In this work, we discuss strategies to architect silica nanochannels with pore diameters smaller than 10 nm to investigate specific phases of calcium carbonate that are formed. Furthermore, the role of water coordination on specific Ca-carbonate polymorphs formed are investigated. These studies show that nanoporous siliceous environments favor the formation of stable calcium carbonate formation. Furthermore, the influence of functionalized hydrophobic and hydrophilic interfaces on the phases of calcium carbonate are discussed.

Role of confinement and siliceous interfaces on carbonate crystallization

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