Fish scales are a remarkable natural hydroxyapatite (HAP) source and are widely available. Here, we present a facile, economical, and environmentally friendly method for the extraction of hydroxyapatite via an alkaline treatment of Labeo Rohita (Rohu) fish scales and subsequent hydrothermal growth of In2S3 quantum dots derived from tea extract (Camellia sinensis) on top of it. The fabricated environmentally benign In2S3/HAP was characterized for surface morphology, functional groups, particle size, surface area, and the chemical environment through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis (BET), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The synthesized nanocomposite efficiently adsorbed Methyl Red from an aqueous solution, and the adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics were investigated. In addition, theoretical studies through physics modeling were done to study various parameters, such as nD (bonded number of adsorbed dye molecules), Dm (density of adsorption sites), qm (adsorption capacity at saturation point), and Ea (activation energy). These studies helped to understand the interaction between the dye molecules and the adsorbent and the mechanism for adsorption. The regeneration of In2S3/HAP was effectively used for up to 6 cycles, making the material highly economical and efficient for environmental applications.

Bioinspired In2S3 quantum dots anchored on a fish scale-derived three dimensional-hydroxyapatite for adsorption of methyl red: Experimental study and theoretical modeling via statistical physics model

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