Thomas Speller Award Presentation

eVTOL Flight:  Forecasting future training requirements in an emerging aviation market

Predicting eVTOL Simulator Performance Using Basic Performance Resources

Hardware Change Impact analysis:  What is major and what is minor for DO-254

Hardware Change Impact Analysis: What is Major and What is Minor for DO-254?

Keynote: True Zero-Emission Aviation in the 2020s

**Description**
The US Air Force (USAF) and the US Space Force (USSF) have started programs to emphasize the use of rocket power to transport cargo anywhere in the world. The focus is on leveraging commercial rocket capabilities through leasing without having to design a cargo rocket. Instead, supplies of varying natures would be loaded and launched inside the rocket vehicle and provided at any destination, regardless of distance or geographic conditions. As a result, supplies can make it around the world in a fraction of the time it would take with current methods.
We at the University of Central Florida (UCF) have started to develop plans on one of the stated capabilities, the ability of global transport, with a focus on transporting cargo. Our funded efforts have targeted humanitarian aid and disaster relief as effective uses, sending supplies on a tactical timeline to support the recovery of these areas. In these situations, time is crucial, and traditional methods of cargo transportation are only sometimes fast enough to impact the situation. In addition, we have begun to develop system engineering components for ground processing. These developments will include providing functional and system requirements for the lifting equipment specially designed for the cargo pod.
This paper discusses these initial steps and provides insights for the future of these studies with the different commercial space transportation systems available.

**Author(s) - ranked in descending order of contribution / as it should appear when published**
Marwen Elkamel
Gabriel Perez
Angel Cheverez
Solimar Maldonado
Jamie Bouwens 
Luis Rabelo



Preliminary Studies in the Logistics and Ground Processing for a Rocket-Based Relief Cargo

**Description**
This paper first describes the utilization of a Virtual and Constructive (VC) Simulation to copy the level of performance of a jet fighter pilot. The experiments used one to three jet fighters (the respective pilot must conduct one). The remaining ones are by agents of the constructive environment. The landscape will have the jet fighters attempting to destroy the control towers behind one to two SA-8 TELAR surface-to-air missiles (SAMs), which can fire at the jet fighters. Each experiment captured information on the features of the agents (missiles, strategy) and photographs of the positions of the SA-8 TELARs as captured by simulated air surveillance and reconnaissance system. Second, the experiments' results and context are utilized for training a complex Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), which can handle the recognition of photographs. Third, this CNN is approximated by a backpropagation neural network. An automated fighter pilot's capabilities are constrained by having this neural network as part of its decision-making (to pursue or abandon the theater of operations). Finally, a new agent-based environment is built to test this automated pilot. This new agent-based environment uses the paradigm of state of charts to represent radars, jet fighters, SA-8 TELARs, missiles, etc.

**Author(s) - ranked in descending order of contribution / as it should appear when published**
Larry Lowe
Luis Rabelo
Marwen Elkamel
Mitchell Hunsucker
Katalina Arias-Marin
Nathalia Davila
Omar Allaz
Gene Lee



Reproducing Pilot Performance Using VC Simulation, Deep Learning, and Agents

**Description**
Zero trust (ZT) is an emerging initiative that focuses on securely providing access to resources based on defined policies. The core tenet of ZT is “never trust, always verify”, meaning that even within trusted zones of operation, resource access must be explicitly granted.   ZT has proven effective in improving the security posture in domains such as IT infrastructure, however, additional research and development is needed to define and apply zero trust principles to cyber-physical system domains. To work toward this objective, we have identified an initial set of ZT architectural elements targeted specifically for cyber-physical systems.  We created ZT architecture patterns in the Architecture Analysis and Design Language (AADL), a modeling language that enables engineers to describe the key elements of embedded system architectures using a well-defined semantics.  The patterns are provided as a library of ZT components that can be made available to system engineers.  Utilizing AADL capabilities, engineers can model a system in AADL and apply one or more of these ZT elements to improve the system security posture based on specific system requirements. To demonstrate our approach, we apply the ZT patterns to a UAV surveillance application.  The resulting design provides inherent protection from a variety of attacks affecting system confidentiality, availability, and integrity.

**Author(s) - ranked in descending order of contribution / as it should appear when published**
Saqib Hasan, Isaac Amundson, David Hardin



Zero Trust Architecture Patterns for Cyber-Physical Systems

**Description**
Certification standards for high-assurance systems include objectives for demonstrating compliance of process artifacts such as requirements and code with style guidelines. With the emergence of model-based development, similar objectives have been specified that apply to models. Some style guidelines are standardized and widely used across an industry (e.g., MISRA C), but typically it is up to a development organization to select or author a style guide, and then demonstrate compliance with it. Demonstration of compliance is typically a certification objective associated with a review and is often achieved by employing a static analysis “linter” tool.
This paper describes Resolint, an open-source, lightweight tool for checking compliance of Architecture Analysis and Design Language (AADL) models with modeling guidelines. AADL allows engineers to describe the key elements of distributed, real-time, embedded system architectures (e.g., memory, buses, threads, etc.) with a sufficiently rigorous semantics. In addition, AADL provides an annex mechanism for extending the base language, enabling new kinds of analyses and tool support. Resolint uses the AADL annex capability to provide a language for specifying style guide rule sets. It is implemented as a plugin for the Eclipse-based Open Source AADL Tool Environment (OSATE) and includes an engine for evaluating whether an AADL model complies with the specified rule sets. Rule violations indicate severity and are hyperlinked to the model element that is out of compliance with the rule. Results of the Resolint analysis are displayed to the user and can even be automatically incorporated as evidence in a system assurance case using the companion Resolute tool.
To illustrate the features of Resolint, we present two use cases involving the assurance of embedded avionics applications. In the first, Resolint is used to ensure the model only contains an appropriate subset of AADL syntax accepted by a target analysis tool. In the second, Resolint is used to produce assurance evidence that an AADL model complies with modeling guidelines. We further describe how we applied Resolint in the evaluation, synthesis, and assurance of a cyber-resilient UAV surveillance application developed on the DARPA Cyber Assured Systems Engineering (CASE) program.

**Author(s) - ranked in descending order of contribution / as it should appear when published**
Isaac Amundson



Compliance of AADL Models with Modeling Guidelines using Resolint

**Description**
There has been an ongoing need to increase the application of industrial robots to complete high-accuracy aerospace manufacturing and assembly tasks. However, the success of this is dependent on the ability of robotic systems to meet the tolerance requirements of the sector. Machine learning (ML) robot error compensation models have the potential to address this challenge. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been successful in increasing the accuracy achieved by industrial robots. However, they have not always brought robotic accuracy within typical aerospace tolerances. In this paper, methods that have not yet been investigated to further optimize the use ANNs used in ML robot error compensation methods are presented. The focus of ML compensation methods has dominantly surrounded ANNs; there have been little to no investigations into other types of ML algorithms for their suitability as robot error compensation models. The success of ANNs to date proves the capability of ML algorithms for this task, and therefore other ML algorithms should be investigated to determine their capability to potentially improve industrial robot accuracy. This paper takes a novel approach by investigating the Support Vector Regression (SVR) ML algorithm to compensate for robot error. The ML models in this research were trained using measurement data captured using a laser tracker and collaborative robot. The ANN model reduced the mean error by 46.4%, 94.8%, and 95.8%, in the x, y, and z-axis, respectively. The SVR model reduced the mean error by 42.4%, 95.9%, and 98.4%, in the x, y, and z-axis, respectively, demonstrating its ability to be implemented as a robotic error compensation model. The success of both the ANN and SVR algorithms enforces the need for further research into other ML algorithms as robot error compensation models, and there is also still potential to further optimize the algorithms used.

**Author(s) - ranked in descending order of contribution / as it should appear when published**
Lauren McGarry
Joseph Butterfield
Adrian Murphy
Colm Higgins



Machine Learning Methods to Improve the Accuracy of Industrial Robots

**Description**
This work covers the historical development of Built-In-Test (BIT) for fiber optic interconnect links for aerospace applications using Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (OTDR) equipped transceivers. The original failure modes found that installed fiber optic links must be disconnected before diagnosis could begin, often resulting in “no fault found” (NFF) conclusion. In fact, the observed root cause was that most (85%) of the fiber optic link defects were produced by contamination of the connector end faces.  In March of 2006, a fiber optics workshop was held with roughly sixty experts from system and component manufacturers to discuss the difficulties of fiber optic test in aerospace platforms. During this meeting it was hypothesized that Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (OTDR) was feasible using an optical transceiver transmit pulse as a stimulus. The time delay and amplitude of received reflections would correlate with the position and severity of link defects, respectively.  The concept was demonstrated by Boeing in 2007. The Naval Air Systems Command followed with a trade study, executed by Penn State and Harris Corporation. That study compared OTDR techniques that could possibly be miniaturized enough to be useful in identification of cable defects in aerospace platforms. Subsequent SBIR and STTR projects supported the development of compliant optical transceivers that include normal transceiver operation and along with OTDR testing. Therefore disconnection of a link for troubleshooting purposes would no longer be necessary. These projects were executed by Ultra Communications (since acquired by Samtec Corporation), which developed a prototype OTDR transceiver for use with multimode fiber. These multimode transceivers are now available. A single mode version of the OTDR transceiver is under development.

**Author(s) - ranked in descending order of contribution / as it should appear when published**
John Mazurowski



Built-In-Test for Fiber Optic Links

**Description**
The making of a quilt in itself is an interesting process. Historically, a quilt is a canvas of work made from old pieces of cloth cut into squares or whatever shape that make a nice connected pattern and then stitched together. The quilt could be a random pieces that is not related to each other. In most recent years and more common cases, a quilt is made of different pieces of patches that are connected and laid out in a special way to tell a story. Not only the it portrays a story that is put together in a certain sequence, but it also stiches the pieces of the quilt as a nicely and completely told story. A story that one can understand just by looking at the quilt spread and unfolded. Much like the making of a quilt that has a story to tell, a Product Digital Quilt will tell the story of a product.
The Digital Product Quilt replaces the traditional way of telling a product story. The traditional product story is a method that is serially connecting multiple product life cycle silos together. This traditional process is usually error prone, difficult to understand and hard to maintain.
The Digital Product Quilt is made up of multiple pieces of the puzzle that makes a product story and the source of truth. At the center of the Product Digital Quilt is the Digital Model which represent the source of truth for the product. The first core band of the Product Digital Quilt, surrounding the Digital Model, are Requirements, Engineering, Analysis, Manufacturing, Integration and Fielding. The different pieces of the Product Digital Quilt are stitched with many different digital threads such as the System, Software, hardware and quality threads.
In this paper, we intend to show how the Digital Product Quilt can be stitched with different Digital Threads and connect all the pieces together to create the product story.

**Author(s) - ranked in descending order of contribution / as it should appear when published**
Mohamed Y. Hamada
mhamada@knights.ucf.edu
Dr. Luis Rabelo, PhD
Luis.Rabelo@ucf.edu



Stitching The Digital Thread, Creating The Product Digital Quilt

**Description**
This keynote offers tools, tips, and tricks you can apply today to stop spinning in career indecision!
Audience takeaways include:
Tools and tips to build decision-making skills
Questions and ideas to explore that expand future career considerations
A guide to career purpose that includes three pillars you can apply to each job, whether it is engineering, management or other
Section I - Indecision
Understand why you keep yourself stuck in indecision and how the consequences can be detrimental. Gain tips and tricks to help yourself become a better decision-maker, both personally and professionally.
Section I Takeaway: Decisions don’t have to be labeled as “right or wrong.” What’s much more important is how you respond and who you become.
Section II - The Right Career Path
Learn why you can stop asking yourself: "what is my right career path?" This self-limiting question can back your career into a corner, making you doubt your chosen path. Instead, this keynote offers more useful questions and ideas that will help you expand your career opportunities.
Section II Takeaway: “What is my right career path” is a close-minded question that presupposes one right answer and many wrong ones.
Section III - Career Purpose
Re-think the whole purpose of your career and what it is you hope to accomplish. Regardless of an engineering or management title, discover why your career is much more profound than prestige or money. Apply 3 pillars of career purpose today for a sustainable, thriving future!
Section III Takeaway: A career is one way to overcome obstacles and challenges that block you from knowing how capable you truly are.
The slide deck will offer an appendix with 3 universal leadership lessons for everyone, despite experience, status, or title.

**Author(s) - ranked in descending order of contribution / as it should appear when published**
Gina Covarrubias



Engineering or Management: What is My Right Career Path?

**Description**
Aircraft structures have to be protected to avoid corrosion on the joining areas and fastener heads, to prevent part delamination at the edges of composite structures or for instance to avoid leakages on the wing panels. As of today a two-component-material is applied by human to the respective areas. The manual work itself and the provisions to comply with the required H&S regulations and ergonomic standards are cost driving factors in the production. An automation offers here great benefit.
Turkish Aerospace and Broetje-Automation have introduced a new developed fully automated system which applies sealant beats on section panels of an aircraft.
The automation system consists of technology solutions to recognize part specifics, to compensate differences between design and reality, to prepare and to supply material as well as for the application on the part.
This paper will describe the challenges during the development and also motivation and subsequent activities for the introduction of a new automation in the production.

**Author(s) - ranked in descending order of contribution / as it should appear when published**
Emel Boyacıoğlu
Fatih Erdinç
Ingo Kramer
Nihat Biyiklioglu



Fully automated sealant application for the industrial aircraft production

**Description**
This presentation will provide a summary of the new harmonized policy for Airborne Hardware Design assurance with FAA AC20-152A and  EASA AMC20-152A.

**Author(s) - ranked in descending order of contribution / as it should appear when published**
Tammy M Reeve, 
President Patmos Engineering Services, Inc
FAA DER software and AEH



Whats new with Airborne Hardware Design Assurance for Aviation?  newly released FAA AC20-152A harmonized with EASA 

**Description**
Electroimpact has developed an improved sleeveless coldworking tool.  This tool is deployed primarily as a handheld system.  This coldwork tool significantl;y improves the life of airframes.

**Author(s) - ranked in descending order of contribution / as it should appear when published**
Paul Shemeta, Mechanical Engineer at Electroimpact
paulsh@electroimpact.com
2067991290



Improvements in Sleeveless Coldworking

**Description**
Traditional solutions developed for the aerospace industry must overcome challenges posed for automation systems like design, requalification, large manual content, access, and tight tolerances.  At the same time, automated systems should avoid the use of dedicated equipment so they can be shared between jigs; moved between floor levels and access either side of the workpiece. This article describes the development of a robotic system for drilling and inspection for small aerostructure manufacturing specifically designed to tackle these requirements. The system comprises three work packages: connection within the digital thread (from concept through to operational metrics including Statistical Process Control), innovative lightweight / low energy drill, and auto tool-change with in-process metrology. The validation tests demonstrating technology readiness level 6 are presented and results are shown and discussed.

**Author(s) - ranked in descending order of contribution / as it should appear when published**
Roger Holden           True Position Robotics Limited
Andy Portsmore      GKN Aerospace
Simon Cheetham    BAE Systems Limited
Marco Chacin           Airbus
Oliver Selby              FANUC UK



Development of a robotic system for automated drilling and inspection of small aerostructures

**Description**
We describe how we apply the Architecture Analysis & Design Language (AADL) to reason about contextual and  architectural concerns for cyber security. A system's cyber security  certification requires verification that security mechanisms are correct, non-bypassable, and tamper-resistant. We can verify correctness by examining the mechanism itself, but verifying the other  qualities requires us to examine the context in which the mechanism  resides.
Understanding that context and validating the system's evolving  design against that context is a primary objective for the  Architecture-Centric Virtual Integration Process (ACVIP), an SAE AS5506 AADL -based approach  to model and detect system design defects before they become very costly  to fix. We describe our work to apply AADL to assess non-bypassability  and tamper-resistance as well as the tools developed to AS5506 for that  purpose. The results of our research - OSATE  plugins for cyber security architectural validation - support  developers today in developing embedded safety and security critical  aviation systems.

**Author(s) - ranked in descending order of contribution / as it should appear when published**
Charles Payne, Adventium Labs (a Galois Inc company) Hazel Shackleton,  Adventium Labs (a Galois Inc company) August Schwerdfeger. Adventium  Labs (a Galois Inc company) John Shackleton, Adventium Labs (a Galois  Inc company) Bruce Lewis, Adventium Labs (a Galois  Inc company) Alex Boydston, U.S. Army



Using AADL to Assess Architectural Properties for Cyber Security

**Description**
The growth of any country - and hence its economy - depends heavily on the country’s ability to develop its industrial sector. The aerospace sector is improving its productivity and growth by expanding its capacity for production by investing in new advanced tools and more equipment to provide additional capacity and flexibility in the face of widespread supply disruptions and unpredictable demand. However, the cost of such measures are high and can result in increased unit costs for the consumer. Alternatively, productivity and quality can be improved by utilizing available resources better to reach optimal performance and react to emerging disruptions and changes. Elastic Manufacturing is a new paradigm that aims to change the response behavior of aerospace firms to meet sudden market demands based on automated analysis of the utilization of the available resources, and autonomous allocation of capacity to use resources in the most efficient manner. Through digitalization and automation of the shopfloor (often called “Industry 4.0”), gathering real-time streaming data from equipment to monitor process performance boosts the efficiency on the production floor with no further costs. The impact of supply chain disruptions - and the resulting shortages of key materials - can be reduced through demand forecasting, inventory optimization, early warning systems, and flexible reallocation of resources; all of which could be managed elastically through integrated data collection in the supply chain. This paper describes how smart factories with more flexibility and resilience can be achieved with semantically-enhanced quality analytics, maintenance solutions, and automated key performance indicator monitoring. This paper also measures the capacity utilization rate, by following the measurement of multiple KPIs from a shopfloor level using data from a real aerospace project, and discusses with the aid of analytic visualizations the significance of monitored process performance.

**Author(s) - ranked in descending order of contribution / as it should appear when published**
Basem Elshafei
Jack Chaplin
Giovanna Martinez Arellano



Elastic manufacturing systems using smart manufacturing and Industry 4.0 for capacity utilization measurements – a case study.  

**Description**
10 years ago, when talking about "decarbonization", it was still a taboo, something that was not seen close, and there were not even enough elements to consider it. Today, at the end of 2022, it is not just an option, but a necessity. The subject of hydrogen has been investigated for more than 20 years; In the mobility industry, it has always been an attractive element due to the combustion produced by hydrogen, since, when the molecules are released, its result is H2O in steam. This is how the alternative of using hydrogen as an abundant source of fuel is today a viable need that is becoming a reality. It all begins in 2016 when Angel Tamariz begins to develop a thesis project related to the construction of hydrogen fuel cells. After several attempts, a successful result was obtained for knowledge of materials and self-development of a H2 fuel cell. And this is how the Cellen project began, in 2018 when the project started building its own hydrogen fuel cell, to produce a certain power capacity in electricity, and thus feed the electric motors of a mobile product, in this case a UAV, which will have much higher capacities than any lithium battery UAV. It has taken us more than 5 years to develop the technology, but today the world is more prepared to be able to launch this final product on the market; We have business partners that are developing hydrogen charging points in different parts of the country, so the supply network around this clean fuel is becoming a reality. And this is how a project that began as a dream more than 10 years ago, today becomes a reality.

**Author(s) - ranked in descending order of contribution / as it should appear when published**
Francisco Bezanilla
Roberto Yelin
Angel Tamariz



Hydrogen Fuel Cell more than a solution

**Description**
This paper focuses on a comparative study between different types of winglet configurations used in modern-day commercial airliners. The aim of winglets is to reduce the induced drag as an outcome of wingtip vortices thereby improving an aircraft's fuel efficiency and cruising range. The output received in terms of the performance characteristics in terms of the drag and the overall L/D is observed and thus these winglets are differentiated. At cruising altitude, the Mach number for most commercial intercontinental flights is between 0.6 and 0.8. This flow regime is referred to as subsonic and the Mach number range will be used. A series of 3-Dimensional analyses are carried out using computational fluid dynamics to examine the flow separation and wing tip vortices between the different types of winglets. A two-equation, k-ω shear stress transport (SST) turbulence model is used as it helps in better prediction of flow separation and boundary layer studies. A fixed Reynolds number range is considered with regards to a scaled-down model taken for analysis and upon taking inspiration from related literature which has worked on recent advancements in winglets.  A NACA0012 symmetrical airfoil is chosen with a fixed chord length for the rectangular wing and kept at 0 Angle of Attack with subsequent winglets employed for examination. A data-driven approach is followed for the investigation of characteristics represented by the different designs, thus typical lift curve plots (Lift coefficient, Cl vs Deflection Angle, α), drag differences, and lift (Cl) -drag (Cd) graphs are presented to understand the comparative study. The results are discussed with respect to the data observed in the graphs and a viable conceptual configuration is selected. This insight, research, and design have led to the development of the research paper and it is hoped that this comparative study can be used to conduct further research in the field of aviation.

**Author(s) - ranked in descending order of contribution / as it should appear when published**
Kathan Bhavsar



Comparative analysis of different aircraft winglet designs.

**Description**
This paper focuses on a case study to compare the different types of trailing edge wing flaps that are used on modern-day commercial airliners and their performances. The aim is to observe trends in lift and drag with varying flap configurations and arrive at the most efficient flap configuration for flight. A series of 2-Dimensional analyses are carried out using computational fluid dynamics to examine the flow separation and occurrence of stalls between the different types of flaps. A two-equation, k-ω shear stress transport (SST) turbulence model is used as it helps in better prediction of flow separation and boundary layer studies. Since the study is carried out for such passenger carriers, the study focuses on the lower transonic ranges with a Reynolds number range of 400,000 to 500,000 considering a scaled-down model and taking inspiration from related literature. The flaps are analyzed at different angles of release (0, 150, 250, 500), which are selected considering the angles that they are commonly deflected to during take-off and landing scenarios. A NACA0012 symmetrical airfoil is chosen with a fixed chord length for the wing and kept at 0 Angle of Attack with subsequent trailing edge flaps employed for examination. A data-driven approach is followed for the investigation of characteristics represented by the different designs, thus typical lift curve plots (Lift coefficient, Cl vs Deflection Angle, α), drag differences, and lift (Cl) -drag (Cd) graphs are presented to understand the comparative study. The results are discussed with respect to the data observed in the graphs and a viable conceptual configuration is selected. This insight, research, and design have led to the development of the research paper and it is hoped that this comparative study can be used to conduct further research in the field of aeronautics.

**Author(s) - ranked in descending order of contribution / as it should appear when published**
Kathan Bhavsar, Jessica Kartha



Comparative CFD analysis of different angles of trailing-edge fowler wing flaps

**Description**
The FACE (Future Airborne Capability Environment) international standard is an initiative by the Open Group that includes a data modeling language allowing specifying software computing environment architectures and interfaces for applications made of components for general-purpose, safety, an/or security purposes. AADL, the Architecture Analysis and Design Language is an SAE international standard that addresses these issues by defining guidelines for design and analysis through a Domain-Specific Modeling Language (DSML) for safety-critical embedded systems. To be able to use both of these languages, which have different information content and propose different views of a system, a mapping has been proposed and adopted by the AADL standards committee. In this paper, we present an implementation of this mapping as a bi-directional model transformation using the Triple Graph Grammar formalism and its tool MoTE. We use this case study to identify challenges in bi-directional model synchronization of models of rich industrial languages.

**Author(s) - ranked in descending order of contribution / as it should appear when published**
Dominique Blouin and Hana Mkaouar



A bi-directional incremental transformation between FACE and AADL models

SAE International’s AeroTech is the premier global aerospace technology conference and exhibition focused on and celebrating innovation in virtually every facet of modern aerospace and defense mobility, including platform, system, subsystem, component, and material research and development, engineering, manufacturing, assembly, test and validation, certification, integration, deployment, sustainment, safety, security, and sustainability. Innovators and thought-leaders from the global aerospace community convene annually at AeroTech to share and learn about the latest advancements and achievements, advance technical knowledge and innovation, discuss challenges and practical solutions, discover new technologies and techniques, uncover trends and opportunities, network, and collaborate.